Conjunction

 In gramma, Conjunction is a part of speech that enable us to gracefully connect two words, setences,  phrases  or ﻿ clauses together. The word conjunction comes from //conjoin//, meaning “put together” (1). In logic, the symbol for this is Λ. When two simple sentences, X and Y, are joined in a conjunction statement, the conjunction is expressed symbollically as X Λ Y (6). **﻿ **

**﻿ **

**CONTENTS **


 * < Forms ||<  ||
 * < Groups ||< Coordinating Conjunctions ||
 * <  ||< Correlative Conjunctions ||
 * <  ||< Subordinating Conjunctions ||
 * < Connectors for Writing Essays ||<  ||
 * < Exercises ||<  ||
 * < See Also ||<  ||
 * < Reference ||<  ||

**FORMS **

Conjunctions have three basic forms: > for example: and, but, because, although > for example: provided that, as long as, in order that > for example: so...that
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Single Word **
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Compound ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> (often ending with //as// or //that//)
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Correlative ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> (surrounding an adverb or adjective)

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">GROUPS **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Conjunctions can be grouped in three main categories:

**__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Coordinating Conjunctions __**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The short, simple conjunctions are called "coordinating conjunctions": <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">There are: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent clauses) that are <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">grammatically equal or similar, showing that the elements it joins are similar in importance and structure (3). <span style="color: #808000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;"> 啊德国队发噶的风格 noun/adj./adv./verb + noun/adj./adv./verb <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">__TIPS__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 110%;">It may help you remember these conjunctions by remembering the acronym   **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">FANBOYS ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> : **__F__**or-**__A__**nd-**__N__**or-**__B__**ut-**__O__**r-**__Y__**et-**__S__**o. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 110%;">(Be careful of the words //then// and //now//; neither is a coordinating conjunction, so what we say about coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two words. The word //For// is a coordinating conjunction when it means //because//. ) (2) (8)

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">POSITION __ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. (3)

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">COMMA AND COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (8) __ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Coordinating conjuction can be used to make up a compound sentence, and in this case, be sure that a comma precedes the coordinating conjunction. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Also the word //Because// is not a coordinating conjuction and it should not closely follow a comma in a sentence.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">for (gives a reason) adsfadsfdfdfdafsgsdgfsdgfdsgfdsgf We could not go**, for it was raining.** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> and (adds) adsfdsafdasfdfdfdfdsfdfdfdfdsfdfdfdsaf She likes to sing **, and she does it well.** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The sentence below has no comma: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">because dgfdgsdfhshfhhshshshshshshsdgfdsgfds She likes him because he is good-looking and funny

to see more details in When to/ Not to punctuate coordinating conjunctions

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">EXAMPLES __ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">(1)Coordinating Conjunctions connects two things of the same kind: (3) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> two **__ NOUNS __** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">cats //and// dogs <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">two **__<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">VERBS __** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">kicks //or// screams <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">two **__<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">ADJECTIVES __** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">short //and// sweet <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">two **__<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">ADVERBS __** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">quickly //but// carefully <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">two __**INDEPENDENT CLAUSES**__ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Dylan writes better songs, //but// Britney Spears sells more records.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">(2)Specific meaning of different coordinating conjunctions: (5) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They ate __and__ drank. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**__ OR __** is used to show __choice or possibilities__ as in the sentence <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">He will be here on Monday __or__ Tuesday. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**__ BUT __** is used to show __opposite or conflicting ideas__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">She is small __but__ strong. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**__ SO __** is used to show __result__ as in the sentence <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">I was tired __so__ I went to sleep.
 * __<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">AND __**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is used to __join or add__ words together in the sentence

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">ATTENTION __ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">These words mentioned above are not the only coordinating conjunctions, there are many others like <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"and nor" (Br.E), "but nor" (Br.E), "or nor"(Br.E), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" (---"Can we perform?" ---"Only if we practise"). (2)

** __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Correlative Conjunctions __ **
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 130%; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items. The pairs <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">usually <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated equal grammartically. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 130%; margin: auto 0cm;">Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions. (9)
 * <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">both . . . and || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">neither . . . nor  ||
 * <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">not only . . . but || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">whether . . . or  ||
 * <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">also || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">as . . . as  ||
 * <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">not . . . but || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">either . . . or  ||

__EXAMPLES__ (2) <span style="display: block; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 1.2pt 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"> § **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Either ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">do your work **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">or ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">prepare for a trip to the office. § **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Not only ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">is he handsome **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">but ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">he is **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">also ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">brilliant. § **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Neither ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">the basketball team **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">nor ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">the football team is doing well. § **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Both ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">the cross country team **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">and ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">the swimming team are doing well. § **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Whether ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">you stay **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">or ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">go is your decision.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Subordinating Conjunctions __**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">A subordinating conjunction combines an independent clause with a dependent one, and the conjunction makes the dependent clause dependent. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">A subordinating conjunction"introduces" a subordinate clause. A subordinate clause can sometimes come after and sometimes before a main clause. Thus, two structures are possible. We <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">can use subordinating conjunctions to correct run-on sentences and comma splices. We <span class="goog_qs-tidbit-1">can also use them to combine sentences and make writing more concise. We should pay attention that when the subordinate clause comes at the beginning, it’s necessary to insert a comma. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"><span class="goog_qs-tidbit-1">(10)

The majority of conjunctions are "subordinating conjunctions". Common subordinating conjunctions are:

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while etc.

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">POSITION __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Subordinating conjuctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause. (4)

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">EXAMPLES __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">(4) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; text-indent: 48pt;">(1) two possible structures of subordinate clauses. independent clause |||| <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">subordinate or dependent clause  || conjunction ||   || Main (independent) afdasfddfsadfdsafafddadaf <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Subordinate (dependent) afdgfg clause asdfdasfadsdsfa + afdsfdasfadsfdaf clause
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">main or
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Tom went swimming ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">although **  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">it was raining.  ||
 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">subordinating

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"> Tom went swimming afgafdgafdgafgfgafd ** althought it was raining**.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**OR**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Subordinate (dependent) adfgafdgafgafgafdgafdgafdg Main (independent) dfgfad clause adfgadfgafdgfad + afgadfgfagfdagfgadgf clause

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">** Although it was raining**, adfgfdgafdgfgfagafagafgafdgf Tom went swimming.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 71.85pt; text-indent: -18pt;">(2) He took to the stage ** __as though__ ** he had been preparing for this moment all his life. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 70.7pt; text-indent: -18pt;">(3) ** __Because__ ** he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 52.9pt;">(4) **__Unless__** we act now, all is lost.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">CONNECTORS FOR WRITING ESSAY **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">In sophisticated writing, there are much more conjunctions or connectors to choose from to make an article more smooth. Below are some advice and examples for word choices concerning with conjunctions and connectors in writing an essay, mainly about using conjunctions of express **__cause__**, **__result__** and **__contrast__**.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">consequently / as a consequence ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">because of this ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">for this reason ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">therefore ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">thus ** ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The weather was very bad in January. **As a result**, sales in our stores were very low. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">however ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">nevertheless ** ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">It is more expensive. **Even so**, I think we should buy it. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">contributing to (after noun) ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">resulting ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">responsible for ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">due to ** ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The **resulting** bad publicity caused the company to go out of business. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The delays **due to** the changes in the design. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">because of ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">on account of ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">in view of ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">in contrast to ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">in spite of ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">instead of ** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">rather than ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In spite of **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">the risk, I think we should give it a try. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Rather than **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> wait, we should do it now. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Guidelines ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Examples ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">so ** ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Demand increased, **so** we increased production. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Because ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Because **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> the weather was bad, no one went shopping.  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">even though ** ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">We held the meeting **even though** the project leader was out of town. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">so…that… ** ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">We have **so** many employees now **that** we need a larger office building. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">as a result **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">even so **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">contributing (before noun) **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">as a result of **
 * 1) The above list is adapted from //Cases for English Business Writing// (95,2006) (7)

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">EXERCISES ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Here is a link to a funny exercise, practising the use of conjunctions. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Printable Conjunctions Worksheet for ESL <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] Conjunction Crossword Puzzle <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">**[]**

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**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">SEE ALSO ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">(1) The Case of Then and Than [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(2) How to punctuate coordinating conjunctions <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">[|http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/CoordConj.html**] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(3) Diagram Conjunctions! <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">[] (4) Disjunctions <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 110%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">[]

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">REFERENCE ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(1) [] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(2) [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(3) [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(4) [] <span style="color: #000099; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(5) [] <span style="color: #000099; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(6) [] <span style="color: #000099; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(7) McEntire, Kelly, (2006), <span style="color: #000099; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">//Cases for English Business Wrting//, Hangzhou, Publication of Hangzhou College of Art,print. <span style="color: #000099; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(8) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">(9) [] (10) []