Summary

   __**Contents **__  1. Definition 2. How to write a good article summary? 3. Exercise 4. References and external links
 * 1.1 What is a summary?
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">1.2 Summary& Retelling
 * <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">1.3 Summary& Review
 * <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">2.1 General process
 * <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">2.2 Some extra tips
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">2.3 Examples

<span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: auto;">** Definition ** <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">** What is a summary? ** <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;"> A summary is a __shortened__ version of the original.(1) The original can be __a longer piece of writi__ng such as a story, a newspaper article or even a whole book. It can also be something that you have __heard or seen__, such as a lecture, a piece of news or a movie.(8) Summarizing is a process of __rewriting__. A good summary conveys the __main ideas of the original__ as well in a much __briefer__ way. It can help readers to get the gists in a short period of time.(1)(4) <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">** Summary & Retelling ** <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Summarizing and retelling are closely related and the ability to summarize depends on some level of the skill of retelling. But a retelling is long and full of details. It is orally restating what is remembered from the text. There can be a detailed account of background, statistics and specific points. In contrast, a summary is a belief account of just the main ideas and essential points. It is much shorter in length. (10) (12) <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Example: <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__A plot summary__:"It's a love story based in a New York hospital. A middle-aged doctor meets a nurse who …." <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__A retelling__:"It's a love story based in a New York hospital. It's the biggest hospital in the city with over 50 doctors, 17 nurses, and about 200 beds, but even so there usually aren't enough doctors to deal with all the cases. Anyway, one day, a 57 year old surgeon…" ( __[])__  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">** Summary & Review ** <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Summary and review are closely related. However, a summary is an account of the original author's ideas and you cannot add your own points of views. But writing a review is a process of analyzing. It is not only an account of other people's ideas, but also an expression of your own opinions. (11) <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__A summary__:"According to Dr Resende, language is a system of sounds and letters..." <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">__A review__ :"… The lecture was so interesting. I appreciate Dr Resende's points on…", "I disagree with Dr Resende's opinions on..."

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px;">**How to write a good article summary?** <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">A good article summary needs careful reading and reflective thinking about the article. The general process, tip and examples of writing article summary listed below can help you become an effective summary writer. <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> ﻿ <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">** General process **  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">1. Finding main points <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">A good summary comes from a good reading of the article first.(9) So the first step is to read the original article a number of times to develop a clear understanding of the author's main ideas. When you are reading, underline the topic sentences and all the important points, circle key terms.(6) <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2. Summarizing main points <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Write down the thesis statement and main ideas of each section in one well-developed sentence.(3)These will be the outline of your summary. Then check by re-reading the article and revise accordingly.(12) <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">3. Adding necessary supports <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Once you get the basic ideas of the article, it's time to return to the text to find out the most important supports and proofs (quotes, statistics, etc.) the author uses to make his/her point.(12) But it is not always necessary to add supports unless they play an important role in supporting the author's ideas. <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">4. Organizing the summary <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Then you can organize your first draft of the summary. You can use the thesis statement as the introductory sentence of your summary, other sentences you have previously written can make up the body. (2)(5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">5. Checking and revising <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">After your summary is organized, double check it for the following characteristics of a good summary: (9) <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- No key ideas are omitted  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- No new ideas are introduced  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- No personal ideas of the summarizer are included  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- The original author's point of view is maintained  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- They are your own words, not the original writer's  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">** Some extra tips: ** <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">1. ****<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Use your own words. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The summary should be expressed in your own words. It's not enough to merely copy out parts of the original.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">(4)   <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2. State exactly the main ideas. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Deciding on the main point of a piece of writing can be difficult, especially when the author doesn't make the thesis stand out clearly. You can put sub-points together on your own or summarize information in a different order than it is presented in the original article. (9)(12)  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">3. No need to conclude. **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">A summary does not need a conclusion, but if the original ends with a message to the reader this should not be left out.(8)  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">4. Cite the author and title ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">. In order to make clear who originally wrote the information, it is a good idea to begin your summary with the author's name and the title of the writing. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">You can introduce the author and title in any of several ways:(12) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- According to author Jean Beauchamp in "The IBC of Writing". . . (go on to main point). <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- Jean Beauchamp, an expert in essay writing, in "The IBC of Writing" describes. . . (go on to main point). <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- The IBC structure of essay writing is the main writing technique Jean Beauchamp provides for his readers ..." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Even if you don't know the author, be sure to note the title at the beginning of your summary. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">5. **Be objective.** <span class="dropcap" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">S ummaries should not include your own opinions at all, not even in the smallest phrases or through biased word choices. Because we often use value-laden words without realizing it, we can easily misrepresent an author's view or color it with our own opinions.(12)(13)  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Examples: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Non-objective summary __<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">: " <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Not surprisingly, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">the students did not like the test, for it showed <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">their ignorance <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">in a broad spectrum of topics. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Objective summary __<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">:"The article reveals his opinion that students do not ask pertinent questions in an attempt to keep their ignorance concealed." ( []) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Both writers are summarizing the opinion of the author, but the first example does not attribute the thought to the author of the article. <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;">** Examples ** <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Example I ( summary of one paragraph):  <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Original text: <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skilful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive home the nail with a few firm, deft blws, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose. (from //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Hit the Nail on the Head // by Alan Warner) <span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Summary: You should choose the right word for your purpose just like hammering a nail on its head. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Example II: ( summary of a short article) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Original text: ( __[]__<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown, depending on our moods. Animals too, communicate, much to our surprise. Just like us, interaction among animals can be both verbal or non-verbal. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Singing is one way in which animals can interact with one another. Male blackbirds often use their melodious songs to catch the attention of the females. These songs are usually rich in notes variation, encoding various kinds of messages. Songs are also used to warn and keep off other blackbirds from their territory, usually a place where the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">y dwell <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">and reproduce. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to adventurous sailors. Enormous whales groan and grunt while smaller dolphins and porpoises produce pings, whistles and clicks. These sounds are surprisingly received by other mates as far as several hundred kilometers away. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Besides singing, body language also forms a large part of animals' communication tactics. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising the fur hackles on their necks and shoulders, while the submissive ones normally "surrender" to the powerful parties by crouching their heads low and curling their lips a little, revealing their teeth in friendly smiles. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Colors, which are most <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">conspicuously <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> found on animals are also important means of interaction among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">most gaudy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">colored feathers often hang themselves upside down from branches, among fluffing plumes, displaying proudly their feathers, attracting the opposite sex. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The alternating black and white striped coats of zebras have their roles to play too. Each zebra is born with a unique set of stripes which enables its mates to recognize them. When grazing safely, their stripes are all lined up neatly so that none of them loses track of their friends. However, when danger such as a hungry lion approaches, the zebras would dart out in various directions, making it difficult for the lion to choose his target. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Insects such as the wasps, armed with poisonous bites or stings, normally have brightly painted bodies to remind other predators of their power. Hoverflies and other harmless insects also make use of this fact and colored their bodies brightly in attempts to fool their predators into thinking that they are as dangerous and harmful as the wasps too. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Summary: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Animals make use of various kinds of communicative methods. Male blackbirds sing to attract female ones and also to keep other blackbirds off their dwellings. Mammals in the oceans like whales, 'sing' to interact with their mates far away too. Dominating hyenas raise their fur hackles in attempts to exhibit power while submissive ones crouch their heads and 'smile' to express respects. Birds of paradise attract female partners by displaying their colorful feathers while the stripes of zebras not only enable them to recognize each other, but also divert the predator's attention in times of danger. Finally, dangerous wasps are brightly colored to warn off others while some harmless ones try to fool their predators by using the same principle.

<span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">For more examples: **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;"> __[]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px;">**Exercise**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Original text: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee's back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Suggested summary: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Unsportsmanklike behaviour by footballers may cause hooliganism among spectators. [9 words]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__Recommanded websites for more summary exercises:__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: auto;">** References: ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">1. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">3. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">4. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">5. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">6. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">7. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">8. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">9. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">10. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">11. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">12. [] 13. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">14. Maureen Auman, //**Practical Writing Series**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">15. Emily Kissner, //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**Summarizing,Paraphrasing,and Retelling Skills for Better Reading,Writing, and Test Taking** //

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px;">**External links:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">1. [|http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/documents/execsum/]2. __[|__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">about writing executive summary <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">3. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_a_plot_summary] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: auto;"> about writing plot summary  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">4. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;"> //**"What makes a good summary?"**//  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">5. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;"> //**"Less is more: summary writing and sentence structure in the advanced ESL classroom"**// 6. [] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;"> about Cornell method of summaring <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 宋体,MS Song; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">[[image:feather.gif width="859" height="40" align="left"]]