Metaphor

__**Metaphor** __ 

**3.3 mixed metaphor ** ||
 * **CONTENTS ** ||
 * **1 Definition ** ||
 * **2 Examples ** ||
 * **3 Classification ** || **3.1 dead metaphor **  **3.2 extended metaphor **
 * **4 Metaphor VS Simile ** ||
 * **5 Activities ** ||
 * **6 References ** ||
 * **7 External links ** ||

**__Definition __**  Metaphor is one type of figurative language which can make the description more powerful. A metaphor is an implied comparison of things basically unlike one another and is used in an imaginative way to describe somebody or something else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities. It expresses the unfamiliar (the tenor) in terms of the familiar (the vehicle). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">( 5)

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Examples __** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">**Look at these examples of metaphors with sample sentences and meanings** **(**10) : ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Above are all metaphors in the formula of ** A is B **, they are nominal metaphors. But sometimes the formula of A is B is not available, then, noun, verb, adjective, adverb can help us to find out what **<span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is. (11) ==
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Metaphor example ** ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Metaphorical sense **  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">America is a **melting pot**. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">America is a place where different peoples, styles and cultures are mixed together  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">John is a real **pig** when he eats. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">John is greedy when he eats.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">My father is a **rock**. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">My father is a very strong or reliable person  ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Examples are as follow:
² <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The committee ** shot ** <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> her ideas <span style="color: #17365d; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> **down** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">one by one. Usually, we use **//shoot down//** in the case like “anti-aircraft guns shoot down planes”. So here “ <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">her idea <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">” is the <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">tenor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">, and the sentences means that her ideas are refused or criticized by the committee. ==== ² <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">My father’s mood <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> seemed more ** thunderous ** than usual. “ <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">my father’s mood <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">” is the <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">tenor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. The sentence means that my father’s mood is bad. ==== ==== ² <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The idea of becoming a writer <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> had come to me ** on and off **since my childhood. On off are often used to describe the light. Here “ ==== <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the idea of becoming a write <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">” is the <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">tenor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">and the sentence means that the idea of becoming a writer had come to me from time to time. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Metaphors can render your writing more vivid. Let’s make comparisons between plain sentences and sentences using metaphors. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">（11）
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Plain language || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Metaphor  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I absolutely loved bargains and will <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">take the trouble to <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> find them. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I absolutely loved bargains and will <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">go a lot out of my way to <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> find them. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Our voices were <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">covered up <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> by the roars of applause. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Our voices were <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">drowned out <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> by the roars of applause. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">He <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">shouted <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> loudly to his audience. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">He <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">thundered <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> loudly to his audience. ||

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Classification __**

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Metaphor is a ubiquitous feature of natural language. Commonly we can classify metaphors into **three types**. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This refers to the metaphor whose once-evocative transferred image is no longer effective or even understood (6) and whose <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">original literal meaning has been lost through extensive popular usage. (7) This kind of metaphor can be understood without knowing <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">their earlier connotation. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Take the noun phrase //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">electric current // <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">for example. Originally, electricity is spoken of as if it were a current probably because both <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">are in a smooth and rapid flow. But now few people take notice of its metaphorical nature. Instead, it is generally used as a common <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">collocation. (8) (12) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This is also called conceit, which is a longer metaphor that continues the comparison for several sentences or even paragraphs or <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the whole text. (3) It is often developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work, and is especially effective in <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">poems and fictions. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">For example <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13px;">, <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and their entrances; And <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. At first the infant, mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms…" <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">– William Shakespeare <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This is probably one of the most popular examples of an extended metaphor. In this, the world is compared to a stage and the <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">comparison extends to the roles of people. Thus the comparison was drawn continues in the following sentences as well. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The awkward use of two or more different metaphors at the same time is normally best avoided. It creates conflicting images in the reader or listener's mind, reduces each metaphor's impact, and generally causes confusion. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">For example president Barack Obama once made a comment that some people think that he is " green behind the ears ”. In this phrase, Obama mixed “wet behind the ears” with “green”, which are two different metaphors that mean someone is naive, young, or inexperienced. (9)  **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">﻿ __**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 Dead metaphor **
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2 ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Extended metaphor **
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3 Mixed metaphor **

__**Metaphor VS Simile**__

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Sometimes we are easily to confuse metaphor and simile.
====<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Let’s start with examples of metaphor and simile. When we say "All the world's a stage," we create a metaphor and it's a simile to say "All the world is like a stage." Not a big difference in meaning, isn't it? But it's the kind of thing you can get tripped up on if you're in school and you have to take a test about similes and metaphors. (9) ==== ====<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Actually, their differences are obvious. When you say something <span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**is** something, you use a<span style="color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> metaphor. While when you say something **is <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">like ** something, you use a<span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> simile. (6) The primary difference is that a simile uses the word //**like**// or //**as**// to compare two things, while a metaphor simply suggests that the dissimilar things are the same without using indicators of resemblance. ==== <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"> Here is a list of metaphors and similes (6) :
 * ==Metaphor== || ==Simile== ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">her hair was silk || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">her hair was like silk ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">meaner than Oscar the Grouch || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">mean as Oscar the Grouch ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">her gaze was icy || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">her gaze was like ice ||

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Activities __** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">There are some verbal metaphors related to animals. (11) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Please fill in the blanks.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">[[image:`LFKL`4R1CWVCU6ZAOZ5E]M.jpg width="423" height="234"]]
==== <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">ANSWERS: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">wolfed pigged fox craned ducked ====

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">References __**

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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(6) __<span style="color: purple; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] __===== <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(7) __<span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(8) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(11) [] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(12) Yang Xinzhang: //An Introduction to Linguistic//

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">External links __** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This is an essay agues about that metaphor is a tool of discovery, providing a way of imposing or discovering structure within novel or unfamiliar situations. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This is an essay about the function of metaphor. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">This is an essay written by a Chinese teacher, talking about the role of culture in metaphor by illustrating across-cultural variation and evidence of Chinese metaphorical concepts and expressions.